This study examined a group of 119 patients who had been diagnosed with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). At the beginning of the study, 50% of the patients were currently employed, 48% were on sick leave or retired, and 2% were unemployed. All 119 patients were instructed on how to perform daily stretching exercises; those exercises considered to be the most important were those that stretched the anterior, lateral, and posterior scalenes.

The patients were then re-evaluated an average of 24.6 months after the initial exercise training. At follow-up:

The authors state that, "the results after surgery are no better than a placebo effect, a fact that is overlooked...According to the present study, conservative therapy is the treatment of choice in TOS because it is safe and can be implemented as a self-treatment program."

Lindren KA. Conservative treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: a 2-year follow-up. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1997;78:373-378.